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Much has already been mentioned concerning the liver and its various functions. Here, the concentration will be on the defensive function of the liver, hepatic malfunctions attributed to intestinal toxaemia and subsequent infection of other organs due to liver disability.

SERUM CALCIUM - Makes it possible to evaluate disorder of calcium metabolism. Increase of concentration can be established at malignant tumors (osteolisis resulting from release of peptides with action similar to action of thyritropic hormone), primary hyperfunction of parathyroid glands, overdosage of D vitamin, myeloma, chronic enteritis (IVth stage).

Three types of intestinal movements have been described. Peristalsis is a slow, wavelike muscular contraction that pushes chyme through the tube. Rhythmic segmentation involves circular muscle contractions at alternate points around the chyme; this helps mix the chyme and the intestinal juices. Pendular movement involves the alternate contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles in the intestine; this also increases the mixing of chyme and intestinal juices.

The stomach serves as a food reservoir, a site for mechanical and chemical digestion, and as an absorption site for alcohol, water, and some salts. Two to three liters of gastric juices (water, salts, mucins, HC1, pepsin, rennin, and perhaps gastric lipase) are secreted by the stomach each day. Secretions arise from gastric glands located in the stomach's mucosal layer. They are composed of chief cells which secrete pepsin and rennin, parietal cells which produce HC1, and mucous cells which secrete mucin.

A basic osteopathic principle is that the body can heal itself. Therefore, the osteopath aims to help restore proper structure through soft tissue massage, mobilisations, joint manipulations and other techniques.

Stress is a significant factor in hypertension. Chemicals such as adrenaline and noradrenaline are released into the bloodstream, increasing heart rate, breathing and blood pressure.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term for a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestines characterised by recurrent inflammation in specific parts of the intestines.  The main diseases are Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis.

This chronic condition is a combination of attacks of diarrhoea and intermittent constipation. It can involve disturbance of muscular movement in the large intestine. The cause of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown but the disorder can be aggravated by stress, and may be linked to sensitivity to particular foods. Other symptoms of IBS include abdominal cramps, bloating, and passage of mucus with the faeces.

Excessive alcohol consumption: causes a rapid increase in blood sugar levels, which causes urinary calcium levels to rise and leads to increased urinary excretion of calcium.

Intestinal movements are of four types: haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis, and antiperistalsis. Also, haustral churning involves a haustrum's filling, distension and contraction. It moves chyme from one haustrum to the next. Peristalsis is the slow, wavelike contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscles.

A leaky gut can seriously compromise health, not just severe and chronic allergic illness or acute digestion symptoms. Nutrients may not have found their way into the circulation and cells due to years of malabsorption because of damage to the gut lining.

The liver is the largest organ in the body and is located directly below the diaphragm. It is a multilobular organ but can be grossly divided into right and left regions. It has several vital functions, only one related to digestion.

Meal Suggestions Breakfast: - wholemeal or rye toast, butter, fruit spread, natural yoghurt; - homemade muesli with oats, nuts, and seeds soaked overnight in water + yoghurt.

Ryvita, oatcakes, rice crackers, corn crackers, pumpernickel bread, sourdough bread, soda bread, vegetable crudités with hummus, tahini, taramasalata, guacamole, salsa. Also, nuts, seeds, soya-yoghurt. Fruit. Small piece of plain organic chocolate.

Digestion in the mouth is inefficient, as amylase works best in neutral or slightly alkaline conditions.

According to its inventors, Oberon "allows diagnosing pronounced not only pathological processes but also the earliest forms of the diseases or predisposition to them," however it "does not belong to the class of medical equipment and consequently does not have to be registered with the committees for certification and licensing of medical-purpose equipment."

Thus, sufferers with insufficient stomach acid absorb only about 4% of an oral dose of calcium carbonate. However, it is the most widely utilised calcium for nutritional supplements.

Pancreas - this organ is located between the greater curvature of the stomach and the duodenum. It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It is composed of granular-like epithelial cells forming two masses.

Maintaining the oncotic blood plasma pressure is the primary function. Therefore, the oncotic pressure decreases with a decrease in albumin content in the plasma.